Class 10 Chapter 2 Ethical and social issues in ICT

Supply the technical terms for the following: 

 a. The moral issues that deal with the use of ICT 

Ans: Computer Ethics or ICT Ethics. 

b. Transactions of electronic records data by using any types of electronic means 

Ans: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). 

c. The policy formulated for the overall development of ICT and society 

Ans: National ICT Policy. 

d. (Repeated) The moral issues that deal with the use of ICT 

 Ans: Computer Ethics or ICT Ethics. 

e. The interactive computer-mediated technology that facilitates the sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks 

 Ans: Social Media. 

f. An online platform which enables people to build social networks 

 Ans: Social Networking Site (SNS) 

g. The software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network 

 Ans: Malware (Malicious Software) 

h. The person who gains unauthorized access to an information system and uses it for his/her personal benefits. 

 Ans: Hacker or Black Hat Hacker

 i. The software that steals personal or sensitive information, passwords, and data without the knowledge of the user. 

Ans: Spyware 

 State whether the following statements are true or false: 

 a. ICT includes the invasion of individual and corporate privacy, intellectual property rights, individual and social rights etc. True 

b. The digital citizen cannot use the internet regularly and effectively. False 

c. The activities of a particular person that exists on the internet as a result of online activity. True 

d. To transform Nepal into an information and knowledge based society and economy is the main vision of IT Policy of Nepal. True 

e. Joint-Secretary (Policy and programme), Ministry of Information Communication is the Member secretary of A National Information and Communication Technology Policy Implementation Steering Committee. True 

f. The Electronic Transaction Act was introduced in Nepal in 2062 B.S. True 

g. The program that steals things like personal and sensitive information, passwords and data without the knowledge of the user is a malicious app. True 

8. Answer the following questions in Short? 

a. What is meant by a digital citizen? Write any five elements of digital citizenship. 

Ans: A digital citizen is a person who is using information communication technology (ICT) in order to engage in society, politics, and government. 

Five elements of digital citizenship are: 

Digital access 

Digital commerce 

Digital communication 

Digital literacy 

Digital law 

b. What is a digital footprint? Write any five ways to manage digital footprint. 

Ans: Digital footprint is the way of data we create while using the internet that includes different activities such as websites we visit, emails we send or information we submit online. 

Any Five ways to manage digital footprint: 

Enter your name into several search engines. 

Double-check your privacy settings, but don’t trust them. 

Create strong, memorable passwords. 

Keep all your software up to date. 

Review your mobile use. If you don’t need it, delete it. 

c. What is meant by active and passive digital footprints? 

Ans: A passive digital footprint is data collected without the owner knowing whereas active digital footprints are created when personal data is released deliberately by a user for the purpose of sharing information about oneself by means of websites or social media.

Class 9 Chapter 3 Computer System

Class 9 Chapter 3 Computer System💻

Very Short Answer (Technical Term)

a. What is the unit which is used to enter data to the computer?
Ans: Input Unit
b. What is the unit that displays the result of processing?
Ans: Output Unit
c. What is the group of interrelated components that make up a body to perform a specific task in computer?
Ans: Computer System
d. What are the physical parts of computer system called?
Ans: Hardware
e. What is the device which is used to process data?
Ans: Central Processing Unit (CPU)
f. Who are the persons that operate the computer?
Ans: Users

Class 10 Chapter 1 Computer Networking and Telecommunication internet and its services

Computer Networking and Telecommunication internet and its services

Write very short answer (technical term) for the following.

a. What is the mode of transmission in which communication takes place from both the sides simultaneously?
Ans: Full-duplex
b. What is a computer network limited within a room called?
Ans: LAN
c. What is the interconnection between two or more computers to share resources called?
Ans: Computer Network
d. What is the set of rules and procedures that make communication possible among computers?
Ans: Protocol
e. What is the computer that acts as the central authority on a network?
Ans: Server
f. What is the computer on which users run applications?
Ans: Client
g. What is the amount of data that can be transmitted through a communication channel in a fixed time period?
Ans: Bandwidth
h. What is a network that extends beyond the boundary of countries called?
Ans: WAN
i. What is the device with multiple ports that joins multiple computers together?
Ans: Switch
j. What is the software that controls and manages all operations in a computer network?
Ans: Network Operating System (NOS)
k. What is the computer that controls and coordinates all the activities of the entire network?
Ans: Server
l. What is the physical interface between cabling and network nodes called?
Ans: Network Interface Card (NIC)
m. What is the topology in which all computers are connected by a common distribution channel?
Ans: Bus Topology
n. What is the device that accepts weak signals, regenerates them, and sends them back?
Ans: Repeater
o. What is the topology where all computers are connected in a closed circular loop?
Ans: Ring Topology
p. What communication media uses light to carry a data signal through cable?
Ans: Optical Fiber
q. What is the physical layout or cabling structure of computers on a LAN called?
Ans: Topology
r. What is the device that connects communication media with network devices?
Ans: Network Interface Card (NIC)
s. What is an intelligent device that connects two different networks and manages network traffic?
Ans: Router
t. What is the device that connects similar networks having the same protocols?
Ans: Bridge
u. What is the process of sending and receiving messages electronically through the internet?
Ans: Email
v. What is the very first page of a website called?
Ans: Homepage
w. What is a company that provides internet services to users called?
Ans: Internet Service Provider (ISP)
x. What are software or programs that search websites for us?
Ans: Search Engine
z. What is the process of copying files, documents, programs etc. from user's computer to the web server?
Ans: Uploading
aa. What is an internet tool that helps to upload/download files?
Ans: FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
ab. What is the term for buying and selling products and services online?
Ans: E-commerce
ac. What is the private network within an organization that utilizes internet services called?
Ans: Intranet

Write short answer for the following.

a. What is Communication? From which word is it derived?

Ans: Communication is the process of exchanging information between two or more entities. It is derived from the Latin word ‘Communis’, meaning common.

b. What is data transmission mode? List different types of data transmission modes.

Ans: Data transmission mode refers to the direction of data flow between two devices. Types are:

• Simplex
• Half-Duplex
• Full-Duplex

c. List the elements of data communication.

Ans: The elements of data communication are:

1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Medium
5. Protocol

d. Distinguish between simplex and duplex mode of communication.

Ans: Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., keyboard to CPU).

Duplex: Data flows in both directions. It can be Half-duplex (one at a time) or Full-duplex (simultaneous).

e. Write the difference between guided and unguided media with example.

Ans: Guided Media: Data travels through physical cables (e.g., twisted pair).

Unguided Media: Data travels through air (e.g., radio waves).

f. Define computer network and justify how it reduces operation cost.

Ans: A computer network is a group of interconnected computers that share resources and information. It reduces cost by sharing devices (like printers) and centralizing data storage and management.

g. Write any two advantages and any two disadvantages of computer network.

Ans:

Advantages:

Resource sharing

Centralized data management

Disadvantages:

Security risks

Virus spread

h. What is Local Area Network? Write its importance.

Ans: A LAN is a network limited to a small area like a room or building. It is important for fast data transfer, easy file sharing, and resource sharing within organizations.

i. What is Metropolitan Area Network? Write its features.

Ans: MAN is a network covering a city or large campus.

Features:

Covers larger area than LAN

High-speed connectivity across city

j. What is Wide Area Network? Mention its characteristics.

Ans: WAN is a network that spans large geographical areas.

Characteristics:

Covers countries or continents

Uses public transmission systems

Slower than LAN/MAN

k. List the different services provided by computer network.

Ans: The different services provided by computer network.

File sharing

Email and communication

Resource sharing

Remote access

l. What is Networking architecture or model? List its types.

Ans: It is the design or framework that defines how computers communicate in a network.

Types:

Client-Server

Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

m. What is Protocol? List any four types of common protocols.

Ans: A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication.

Examples:

HTTP

FTP

TCP/IP

SMTP

n. Sketch and explain about star topology.

Ans:

Star Topology: All computers are connected to a central hub or switch. Data passes through the central device.

(Draw Picture from your textbook)

Advantage: Easy to add devices

Disadvantage: Failure of hub affects the whole network

o. Draw and explain about ring topology.

Ans:

Ring Topology: Each computer is connected to two other computers, forming a circular path for data.

(Draw Picture from your textbook)

Advantage: Equal access to resources

Disadvantage: A break in the ring can disrupt the whole network

Class 9 Chapter 2 Types of Computer

 Write very short answer (technical term) for the following:

a. The computers which process continuous data.

Ans: Analog Computer

b. The computers which are used in offices for general purpose

Ans: Personal Computer (PC)

c. The fastest and most expensive computer system.

Ans: Supercomputer

d. The computers that use microprocessor as their CPU.

Ans: Microcomputer

e. A computer that uses analog and digital device.

Ans: Hybrid Computer

f. The computer that uses discrete on/off system.

Ans: Digital Computer

g. The portable computer which can be used where there is no direct electricity.

Ans: Laptop

Answer the following questions:

a. How are computers classified into different types?

Ans: Computers are classified based on their purpose (general or special), data handling (analog, digital, hybrid), and size or capability (micro, mini, mainframe, super).

b. What are general purpose computers and special purpose computers?

Ans:  General purpose computers are designed to perform a variety of tasks (e.g., PCs).

Special purpose computers are designed to do specific tasks only (e.g., ATMs, traffic control systems).

c. What are the broad classifications of computer on the basis of work (function)?

Ans:  Computers are classified into Analog, Digital, and Hybrid computers based on their work or function.

d. Differentiate between analog and digital computers.

Ans: Analog computers process continuous data like speed or temperature.

Digital computers process discrete data using binary (0s and 1s).

e. How are digital computers classified on different types?

Ans:  Digital computers are classified into Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframe computers, and Supercomputers based on size and performance.

f. What are supercomputers? What is their application in real life situation?

Ans: Supercomputers are the fastest and most powerful computers used for complex tasks like weather forecasting, scientific simulations, space research, and nuclear testing.

g. What are mainframe computers? Where are they mainly used for?

Ans:  Mainframe computers are large and powerful systems used by organizations for handling large-scale data processing, like in banks, insurance companies, and government offices.

h. Distinguish between mini computers and micro computers.

Ans: Mini computers are medium-sized, used by small businesses for multi-user operations.

Micro computers are smaller, used by individuals (e.g., desktops, laptops).

i. What are different types of micro computers?

Ans: The different types of microcomputers are Desktop, Laptop, Tablet, Notebook, Palmtop, and Smartphone.

j. What are the features of hybrid computer?

Ans: Hybrid computers combine features of analog and digital computers, processing both continuous and discrete data; used in hospitals, scientific labs, and control systems.

Write long answer for the following:

a. What is micro computer? Describe different types of micro computers.

b. Describe super computer with its application.

Model of very short question answer.

a. What are the computers which possess continuous data?

Ans: Analog computers process continuous data.

b. What are the computers which are used in offices for general purpose?

Ans: Personal computers (PCs) are used in offices for general purposes.

c. Which is the fastest and most expensive computer system?

Ans: Supercomputers are the fastest and most expensive computer systems.

d. What are the computers that use microprocessor as their CPU?

Ans: Microcomputers use a microprocessor as their CPU.

e. Which computer uses both analog and digital devices?

Ans: Hybrid computers use both analog and digital devices.

f. Which computer uses a discrete on/off system?

Ans: Digital computers use a discrete on/off system.

g. What is a portable computer that can be used without direct electricity?

Ans: A laptop is a portable computer that runs on battery and can be used without direct electricity.

Class 9 Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals

Answer the following questions in short: 

a. What is a computer? Write its major parts.

Ans: A computer is an electronic machine that accepts the data and instructions from the user, processes the data according to the given set of instructions, stores and gives the information (result).

System Unit, Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse are the major parts of computer.

b. Why is computer called Information Processing Machine? 

Ans: A computer is called an Information Processing Machine (IPM) because it generates information by processing raw data according to a prescribed sequence of instructions.

c. Mention any four characteristics of computer. 

Ans: High speed, Accuracy, Diligence and Versatility are the four characteristics of computer.

d. Write the uses of computer in the field of education. 

Ans: Computers are used in education in classrooms, computer labs, online learning, distance education, making presentations, and using software for assignments and training (CBT and WBT).

e. What is meant by versatility in terms of features of computer? 

Ans: Versatility in terms of features of a computer means its ability to perform different types of tasks quickly and efficiently. For example, a computer can be used to type documents, play games, browse the internet, and calculate data all at the same time or one after another.

f. List any four application fields of a computer. 

Ans: Four application fields of a computer are:

• Education
• E-Government
• Health Care
• Science and Technology

g. What are the limitations of a computer? List in points. 

Ans: The limitations of a computer are:

1. Computer has no intelligence of its own.
2. Computer cannot change processing steps itself.
3. Computer lacks feeling.
4. Computer cannot learn anything from the past experience.

h. List the abilities that every computer can perform. 

Ans: Every computer is able to perform the following tasks:

• Accept the data and instructions from the user as input.
• Process the data according to the given set of instructions.
• Give the result of its processing for the user.
• Store the result permanently according to the requirement of the user.

i. Explain the phrase "Garbage - In - Garbage Out". 

Ans: If input data is incorrect then the output will be incorrect or undesirable. In computer terminology it is called garbage-in garbage-out (GIGO)

j. Why are computers called diligent and versatile machines? 

Ans: Computers are called diligent because they can work for long hours without getting tired or making mistakes. They do the same task again and again with the same speed and accuracy.

            Computers are versatile as they can perform many tasks like typing, playing music, solving math problems, and designing pictures. Changing the program lets a computer do a completely new job.

k. Represent the measuring units of computer in terms of fraction of second. 

Ans: Measuring units of computer in terms of fraction of second. 

Unit of Time	Meaning	Part of Second	Power of 10
Millisecond (ms)	One thousandth of a second	1/1000	10-3 Sec
Microsecond (us)	One  millionth of a second	1/1000000	10-6 Sec
Nanosecond (ns)	One  billionth of a second	1/1000000000	10-9 Sec
Picosecond (ps)	One  trillionth of a second	1/1000000000000	10-12 Sec

 

Long answer questions:

 a. Describe any five modern application areas of computer. 

Ans: Here is a brief description of five modern application areas of computers:

1. Education

Computers are widely used in schools and colleges for teaching through digital presentations, online classes, and educational software. Students use computers for research, assignments, and interactive learning.

2. E-Government

Governments use computers to provide online services like tax filing, issuing ID cards, and public information systems. It makes administration faster, more transparent, and easily accessible to citizens.

3. Health Care

In hospitals, computers help in storing patient records, scheduling appointments, and managing medical equipment. They are also used in diagnosing diseases, medical research, and telemedicine.

4. Science and Technology

Computers are essential in scientific research for simulations, data analysis, and experiments. They are used in space exploration, robotics, and developing new technologies.

5. Entertainment

Computers are used for watching movies, listening to music, playing games, and creating animations. They are also important in video editing, graphic design, and streaming platforms.

b. Explain all the characteristics of computer.

Three Important Essay for Class 8 Student

Student life

 Student life is a wonderful phase, filled with learning and growth. This period is marked by curiosity, energy, and enthusiasm. Students are in the process of building their foundation for the future. School becomes a second home where they spend most of their time studying and interacting with friends and teachers. It's a time when they develop essential life skills, discipline, and time management.

During this phase, students face various challenges like balancing academics with extracurricular activities. Participating in sports, arts, and other hobbies helps in overall development. Examinations and homework teach them to manage stress and responsibilities. Friendships formed during student life often last a lifetime and offer invaluable support and joy.

Student life also involves learning to respect others, understanding different perspectives, and developing a sense of empathy. It is a crucial period that shapes character and prepares students for the adventures of adulthood.

Importance of Education

Education is one of the most valuable things in life. It gives us the knowledge and skills needed to understand the world and succeed in life. Education helps us learn about science, history, mathematics, and languages, but it also teaches us discipline, good behavior, and teamwork.

A well-educated person can contribute to society by becoming a responsible citizen. Education helps people find better jobs and improve their living conditions. It opens doors to many opportunities and builds confidence in decision-making. Through education, we can solve problems, think creatively, and make our dreams come true.

Moreover, education is important for personal growth. It helps us develop good manners, respect others, and become kind and caring individuals. It teaches us the value of honesty, hard work, and determination.

Education is not just about going to school and learning from books. It also involves learning from experiences and the world around us. Parents, teachers, and friends play a big role in this journey.

In conclusion, education is the key to a brighter future. It empowers us to make the world a better place. Everyone should value education and work hard to learn as much as they can.

Value of Time

Time is one of the most precious things in life. Once it passes, we cannot get it back. Therefore, it is very important to use our time wisely. How we manage our time can greatly affect our success and happiness.

Time is like a resource that we should spend carefully. If we waste time, we may miss out on opportunities to learn, grow, and achieve our goals. On the other hand, if we use our time well, we can make progress in our studies, help others, and accomplish things we dream about.

Being punctual and organized can help us make the most of our time. For example, setting a schedule for daily activities, like studying, playing, and resting, ensures that we balance all aspects of life. When we manage our time, we avoid last-minute rushes and stress.

The value of time also teaches us responsibility. People who respect time are seen as trustworthy and hardworking. They are often more successful because they use their time efficiently.

In conclusion, time is a gift that we should value and use wisely. The way we manage time shapes our future. By being careful with how we spend time, we can create a successful and meaningful life.

Algorithm and flowchart to calculate perimeter of a rectangle

 Algorithm and flowchart to calculate perimeter of a rectangle

Algorithm:

Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : Input: Read the length (L) and breadth (B) of the rectangle.
Step 3 : Calculate Perimeter perimeter (P)= 2 * (L + B)
Step 4 : Output: Display the calculated perimeter.
Step 5 : End

Flowchart:

Devlop Algorithm and also draw flowchart for the following purposes.

Click the link below to see the answers. (All answers will be updated soon.)

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